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Olympic value Education NOTES Chapter-2 Class-11

byCOMMERCEINTELLIGENT June 16, 2021

Physical Education

Introduction

Olympic movement is a basic term which gives us the understanding of Olympic participation in its activities in past and present along with development of games and sports for competitions. It has provided us health platform tor competitive games an sports activities. Olympic movement is related with link between ancient Olympic games with modern Olympic games and development of competitive sports activities at various levels. It has promoted the development of physical and moral qualities to Dring together the athletes of the world in great co-ordinal festival of sports. To understand Olympic movement one must be aware about ancient Olympic games, modern Olympic games, winter Olympic, development of games and sports at ever eveli.e. Asian games, Continental games etc. This movement also promotes and regulates the development of various games and sports at different levels.

Olympics, Paralympics and Special Olympics  

Ancient Olympic Games

The Olympics began in Ancient Greece thousands of years ago. Though it is difficult to determine when exactly they did begin what is known to us is the venue-Olympic, a valley in Elis on the Peloponnese Peninsula. The first recorded Olympics were held in 776 BCE. The only event was a single stadium footrace, won by a cook named Core bus. With the passage of time, other
events such as the hoplitodrome (footrace wearing full armour), chariot races, pentathlon (consisting of five events-jumping8 javelin, sprint, discus and wrestling) and pankration (a combination of boxing and wrestling where a player could be declared the winner only when his opponent raised his hand in defeat or lay unconscious in the arena) were eventually added The Olympic Games were actually just one of four ancient Panhellenic Games held at two or four year intervals, but they were more prestigious than the other three - the Pythian, Nemean and Isthmian Games.


There are several myths related to origin of the Olympics. Some of the notable ones are. 

First Myth: "Zeus, the most powerful of the Olympian Gods, fought with his tyrannical father Kronos for power. Their battle was fought on top of a mountain from which a valley could be seen. After he defeated his father, 2eus had a temple and a tall statue erected in his honour in the same valley. The valley was named Olympia, and it be came a place of pilgrimage for Greelks from various states, who later gathered and began the Games."
 
Second Myth: "Heracles is one of the most famous heroes in Greek mythology. He is more commonly known by his Romanized name: Hercules. As atonement for his sin of slaying his wife and children, he had to perform 12 labours for his cousin, King Eurystheus. One of the labours happened to be the cleaning or tne dirty cartie stabies of King Augeas of Elis, a city-state that was in cated about 30 miles from Olympia. By diverting the course of the river Alpheus and making it run through the stables instead, he accomplished the task in just one day. It 1s 5aia that Heresies organized the Games to celebrate this particular Success and to Honour Zeus. 

Third Myth: "King Oenomaus was fearul or a prophecy that Stated ne would be killed by his future son-in-law So whenSuitors arrived, he told them they could many is daughters oyez dereated him in chariot race. lf they lost they would be executed Eighteen suitors were killed before Pelops of Lydia arrived. Hippodamia, the king's daughter, was in love with Peces Secessaired with her lover and helped him win the race by killing her father through trickery. Pelops then married seer became the new song and started the Games to commemorate his victory." whatever the reason behind the beginning of Olympic Games was, it is certain that these games were organized first simian she beautiful valley named "Olympia. Therefore, these games were called Olympic Games. The ancient Olympic Games continued for approximately one thousand years. But in 394 CE, Theodosius, the King of Rome, stopped the ancient Olympic Games Stadiums were destroyed. But even after that the memory of these games remained in the hearts of the mauves. They could not forget these games even after many centuries.

Rules for Competition

Rules of Recent Olympics. It was extremely essential to follow the following rules to take part in Olympic games:

1.All players participating in these games ought to be Greeks
. 
2.It was essential for a player a player to take up training for 10 months under the care of somebody before taking part intrese garnes.
 
3.No professional could participate in these games.

4.In the initial stage women were neither allowed to witness nor participate in these games. They used to have their own games called the Heraca in honour of Hera, wife of God Zeus.

5.The players had to take oath to participate in the games properly.

6.The players should not have any criminal charge. 

Opening Ceremony of Games 

The ceremony of Olympic games began from the new moon day in July after four years. The event of Olympic continued for five days. On the first day, the priest performs the rituals with grand opening and burns the sacred torch. On the next day ephibians animal games were played on the third day diaulos (footrace), dolichos (chariot races and equestrian), panthalon (combination races, throwin, jumping), were performed. On the fourth day puglis (boxing), wrestling, sweord fighting and other contact ames were played. On the final day of closing ceremony, the prizes were given to heroes, the flock of pigeons were sent to all cities of Greece which carried the names of the champions. The prizes (crown) given to winners were made from olive leaves. The famous heroes of these games were Homer, Atlas, Hercules, Gallen etc. who are still remembered in our stones. Ancient Olympic games came to a sudden end when the Roman emperor Theodosius banned these games in the year 394 A.D. The glory of these games vanished with time as ruins are still present in Olympiad. 

Awards

In the ancient times, athletes competed mostly for pride, patriotism and religious honour. However, some popular athletes were paid large sums of money, up to ten times the annual salary of a soldier, to participate in smaller athletic contests near their hometowns. The Olympic winners received a wreath made of a sacred olive tree branch.

Decline of Ancient Olympic Games

Rapid degeneration of the Olympics began during the era of famous Roman emperor, Nero. He took part in the contests and was crowned as a victor in all of them. Nero added new games and contests. He got himself crowned with the wreath of a winning guitarist and singer, though he, it is said, had a voice worse than a crow. In 394 AD., The odocius the 1st ordered the abolition of these contests. Olympia
was shortly afterwards deserted Since the 5th century AD., the sidings Kronion Hill and over low of the rivers Kadeos and Alphios, covered the ruins. In 240 A,D., The odious the 2nd ordered the burning of the temple of Zeus. Earthquakes in 521 and 522 a.d., buried the remains. Olympia was forgotten for many centuries. However, Olympia stiles due to the excavations at the site and the revival of the ancient Olympic games.

Modern Olympic Games

The credit to start the modern Olympic Games goes to Pierre, Baron de Coubertin of France. Coubertin was born in Paris on 1 January 1862. His family members wanted him to join the army so he joined the Sainik Academy. But after some time, he left it and started studying political science. Having studied political science, he came to know about the national and inter national problems. He thought national and international problems could easily be solved through Olympic Games. It was Coubertin's dream to restart the ancient Olympic Games at world level. For this purpose, he called a meeting of various countries in 1893. Some countries, viz., Italy, Greece, Spain and Sweden were in favors of commencing these games, whereas rest of the countries opposed it. Again on 16 June 1894, a meeting of 13 countries was held in Paris in which 75representatives participated. It was presided over by Coubertin and it was resolved that “Sports competitions should be held every fourth year on the lines of Greek Olympic Games and every nation should be invited to participate." After much end favor, Coubertin succeeded in enlisting's world wide support and the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896.Baron, Pierre de CoubertinIn the 1896 Athens Olympic Games, the first modern Olympic Games, only nine countries participated. This number gradually increased and in the 1972 Munich (West Germany) Olympic games, 122 countries participated. Three Olympics could not be held during the two World Wars.

Summer Olympic Games

The first Summer Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. Summer Olympics is a multi-sports event that is hosted bydifferent countries once in four years. The International Olympic Committee organizes these games and inspects or supervises the host city's preparations. In each Olympic event gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded for first, second and third places, respectively. The tradition to award the medals was started in 1904 Olympics which were held in St. Louis (USA). The
first Summer Olympic Games witnessed 245 sportspersons, of whom more than 200 were Greeks and 14 countries took part in these games. In these games female athletes were not allowed to participate. However, only one women, named Stamata Revithi ran the marathon race unofficially. She was not allowed to participate by the committee.
The United States of America has hosted four summer Olympic games so far. Great Britain has hosted three Summer Olympic Games all in London. four cities Athens, Paris, Lost Angels and Tokyo have hosted two Summer Olympic Games each. Tokyo is the only city outside the occident world to host the Summer Olympic. Asia has hosted Summer Olympics, i.e., in 1964 (Japan), 1988 (South Korea) and in 2008 (china). Australia has hosted Summer Olympics twice, i.e., in 1956 and 2000. There are only five countries, i.e., Greece, Australia, France, Great Britain and Switzerland who have represented at every Summer Olympics. London is the first city to host the Summer Olympics three times. In 1900, at the Paris Summer Olympic Games, women were allowed to participate. In 1916, 1940 and 1944 the Summer Olympics were not held due to World Ward. In 1952, at the Helsinki Summer Olympics, the USSR team participated for the first time and became one of the dominant teams. In 1964, the Tokyo Olympics were the first to be broadcast Worldwide on Television. In 1972, at the Munich Summer Olympics, there was a terrorist attack in which terrorists killed 2 Israelis and took9 others hostages. In 1980, the Moscow Olympics were boycotted by USA, West Germany and Japan. Again Lost Angeles
Olympics were boycotted by USSR and its allied countries including Romania. The 2008 Olympics were held in Beijing (China). In these Games, Michael Phelps the Swimmer from USA set a record of 8 Gold Medals at a single Olympics. In 2012, London hosted the Summer Olympics the third time. Now, the next Summer Olympic Games are to be held in Tokyo in 2020.

Winter Olympic Games

The Winter Olympic Games are also part of major International sporting events. These games are also held once in four years. These games are practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympic Games were held in Chamonix (France) in 1924. These games were held continuously between 1924 to 1936. Then, these Olympics were interrupted by the Second World War. In 1948 these Olympics resumed and were held once in four years. Until 1992, both Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same year. But according to the decision taken by the International Olympic Committee, the Winter Olympics were held in 1994 instead of 1996. The two-year gap between Summer and Winter Olympics was fixed by the IOC. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in three continents of the world by eleven different countries. The United States of America has hosted these games four times, France, Three Times whereas Austria, Canadian, Japan, Italy, Norway and Switzerland twice each. Germany, Yugoslavia and Russia organized Winter Olympics only once. Twelve countries of the world have sent their sportspersons to participate in every Winter Olympics Games. There are six countries who have won medals at every Winter Olympics. Norway has secured the maximum number of gold medals for the maximum number of times. In 2018, the Winter Olympics will be hosted by South Korea and after that in 2022 it will be held in Beijing (China).

Olympic Motto

The Olympic motto consists of three Latin words:
  • Citius
  • Altius
  • Fortius
  • Faster
  • Higher
  • Stronger
This represents the athletic events-running faster, jumping higher and throwing more strongly. The three latin words became the Olympic motto in 1894 when International Olympic Committee was created. Pierre De Coubertin proposed the motto, who borrowed it from his friend French educator Father Henri Didon. These three words encourage the athletes to give their best during competition, and to view this effort as a victory in itself.

Olympic Flag

Olympic flag was created in 1913 and was first inaugurated in Paris in June 1914. The flag was hoisted for the first time in the Olympic stadium at the Antwerp OlympicGames which were held in 1920. Olympic flag is made of white silk and contains fiveinterlaced coloured rings representing five inhabited continents of the world, namely,America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. The five rings have different clours, viz.,yellow, green, red, blue and black. The interlocking of ring symbolizes cooperation
and friendship
Olympic Flage.
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Olympic Flame

The Olympic flame is symbol of knowledge, life, happiness and peace. This torch is kindled in
Olympic Village of Greece and is carried by the runners to the place where the Olympic Games are going to be organized. During this process, it keeps burning. At the end of closing ceremony of these games, the flame is extinguished.

Olympic Award

The first, second and third position holders are awarded with gold, silver and bronze medals
and a certificate, respectively. The next five position holders are also awarded with certificates
only.

Olympic Oath

During the opening of the Olympic Games, oath taking ceremony is held by the athletes who are assembled in the sports stadium. A representative of the host country comes forward holding the flag. The flag bearers of competing nations also take up the positions The Olympic Flamerepresentative takes oath on right arm and others repeat the oath after him. Olympic Awards: Modern Olympics are rewarded with medals and certificates. First position receives gold medal, second position receives bronze medal, up to first six position they also get certificates. Any rules and regulation regarding games are set by International Olympic Committee.

Rules of Eligibility for Competition

Any male and female can participate in Olympic games if they are meteor. But now-a-days professionals are also allowed to participate in some of the sports. These sportspersons are sent by their National Olympic Committee. Any sportsperson can not participate directly in games. These sportspersons are sent by their National Olympic Committee only.
The 1908 Olympic Games were held in London and the rules were given a definite direction:
(i) One who is by birth (native) belonging to a participating country.
(ii) One who has competed already in the Olympic Games for a nation, cannot compete in future      
(iii) There is no age limit for the competitor.
(iv) There is no bar on either sex to compete in the Olympics. However, in some of the sport events, the women are not allowed due to some technical reasons.

Opening Ceremony for Olympic Games

First of all, Olympic torch or flame is burnt through sunrays in Olympic Village (Greece) and it is brought to that city where the Olympic Games are going to be held. The President or Prime Minister of that country or any other dignitary declares the games open in the stadium. Before this process, all the sportspersons take part in march past and they take oath. Later on, recreational and cultural programmes are organized. Olympic flag is hoisted and Olympic flame of the stadium is kindled by the torch.

Closing Ceremony of Olympic Games

Sportspersons from all the countries get assembled in the stadium for closing ceremony. The Mayor of that city and the President of managing committee escort the President of International Olympic Committee to the stadium. He declares the games closed. After that, Olympic, flag is lowered and it is given to the mayor of the city. Various cultural programmes arorganized. The Olympic flame is extinguished. At last the games come to an end with the Olympic song.




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